595 research outputs found
A New Approach to the Anodic Decarboxylation of Unsaturated Dicarboxylic Acids. Part 1: Fumaric, Maleic and Acetylenedicarboxylic Acids.
The dipotassium salts of maleic, fumaric and acetylenedicarboxylic acids were electrooxidized and the reaction products were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by UV/VIS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Acetylene, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, along with polyynes, are the products obtained from maleic and fumaric acids. The best acetylene yields are obtained from fumaric acid and not from maleic acid, which gives the highest yield of carbon dioxide. High concentration and high current density lead to the formation of carbonaceous matter containing carbyne recognizable by triple-bond stretching. Anodic oxidation of acetylenedicarboxylic acid produces only a mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and soluble polyynes; no free acetylene was detected.
A total of 15 Chemical reactions with their free energy were studied to explain the reaction products of anodic oxidation
Electrosynthesis of Allene (Propadiene) and of Propyne (Methylacetylene) through the Anodic Decarboxylation Reaction (Part 2)
The anodic decarboxylation reaction is a general reaction that can be applied with success to several suitable precursors. This work presents the electrochemical synthesis of allene by anodic oxidation of potassium itaconate. It is also shown that the anodic oxidation of potassium citraconate produces propyne. In both cases, unsaturated hydrocarbons were formed together with CO and CO2.
The electrooxidation of potassium crotonate leads to a simultaneous formation of propyne and allene (the latter in considerably smaller amounts than the former). Also in this case, formation of the unsaturated hydrocarbons is accompanied by the formation of CO and CO2
Synthesis And Characterization Of Polyynes End-Capped By Biphenyl Groups ({\Alpha},{\Omega}-Biphenylpolyynes)
Stable polyyne chains terminated with biphenyl end groups
(a,u-biphenylpolyynes) were synthesized in a single step through a simple
procedure by using the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz reaction conditions. The
a,ubiphenylpolyynes were separated through HPLC analysis and identified by
means of their electronic absorption spectra. The a,u-biphenylpolyynes were
studied by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy and the spectral interpretation was
supported with DFT calculations. A peculiarly low reactivity of
a,u-biphenylpolyynes with ozone was observed.Comment: The research leading to these results has received funding from the
European Research Council Consolidator Grant EspLORE (ERC-2016-CoG Grant
No.724610
Biodiesel as a Plasticizer of a SBR-Based Tire Tread Formulation
The solubility parameter of a series of methyl esters of fatty acids, the components of biodiesel, was calculated using the group incremental method proposed by Van Krevelen. The solubility parameter of biodiesel was compared with that of a series of rubbers like EPDM, butyl rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, SBR (with different content of styrene), and nitrile rubber (with different content of acrylonitrile) showing that biodiesel is an effective solvent of all the above mentioned rubbers with the exclusion of nitrile rubber. Indeed, it was experimentally verified that polyisoprene, polybutadiene and SBR are easily soluble in biodiesel while polystyrene gives a cloudy solution. Considerations on the solubility parameter of the biodiesel and of a series of rubbers have led to the conclusion that biodiesel behaves essentially as an internal lubricant in a diene rubber matrix, the same situation occurs with the common aromatic mineral oil plasticizer known as T-RAE. The experimental evaluation of biodiesel as plasticizer in an SBR-based rubber compound in comparison to an aromatic mineral oil have led to the primary conclusion that biodiesel is reactive with the sulphur curing agent subtracting sulphur to the crosslinking polymer chains and leading to a vulcanizatewith lower moduli, tensile and hardness and higher elongationsin comparison to a reference compound fully plasticized with an aromatic mineral oil. However, biodiesel seems a good low temperature plasticizer because the low elastic modulus observed is desired in a winter tire tread for a good grip on snow and ice. The present work is only an exploratory work, and the tire tread formulation with biodiesel was not optimized
A New Approach to the Anodic Decarboxylation of Unsaturated Dicarboxylic Acids. Part 1: Fumaric, Maleic and Acetylenedicarboxylic Acids.
The dipotassium salts of maleic, fumaric and acetylenedicarboxylic acids were electrooxidized and the reaction products were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by UV/VIS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Acetylene, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, along with polyynes, are the products obtained from maleic and fumaric acids. The best acetylene yields are obtained from fumaric acid and not from maleic acid, which gives the highest yield of carbon dioxide. High concentration and high current density lead to the formation of carbonaceous matter containing carbyne recognizable by triple-bond stretching. Anodic oxidation of acetylenedicarboxylic acid produces only a mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and soluble polyynes; no free acetylene was detected.
A total of 15 Chemical reactions with their free energy were studied to explain the reaction products of anodic oxidation
Synthesis, Characterization, and Modeling of Naphthyl-Terminated sp Carbon Chains: Dinaphthylpolyynes
We report a combined study on the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization
and theoretical modelling of a series of {\alpha},{\omega}-dinaphthylpolyynes.
We synthesized this family of naphtyl-terminated sp carbon chains by reacting
diiodoacetylene and 1-ethynylnaphthalene under the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz reaction
conditions. By means of liquid chromatography (HPLC), we separated the products
and recorded their electronic absorption spectra, which enabled us to identify
the complete series of dinaphthylpolyynes Ar-C2n-Ar (with Ar = naphthyl group
and n = number of acetilenic units) with n ranging from 2 to 6. The longest
wavelength transition (LWT) in the electronic spectra of the dinaphthylpolyynes
red shifts linearly with n away from the LWT of the bare termination. This
result is also supported by DFT-LDA simulations. Finally, we probed the
stability of the dinaphthylpolyynes in a solid-state precipitate by
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and by differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC).Comment: This document is the unedited Author's version of a Submitted Work
that was subsequently accepted for publication in [J. Phys. Chem. B],
copyright \c{opyright} American Chemical Society after peer review. To access
the final edited and published work see
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021%2Fjp104863
Amino Acids in Comets and Meteorites: Stability under Gamma Radiation and Preservation of Chirality
Amino acids in solar system bodies may have played a key role in the
chemistry that led to the origin of life on Earth. We present laboratory
studies testing the stability of amino acids against gamma radiation
photolysis. All the 20 chiral amino acids in the levo form used in the proteins
of the current terrestrial biochemistry have been irradiated in the solid state
with gamma radiation to a dose of 3.2 MGy which is the dose equivalent to that
derived by radionuclide decay in comets and asteroids in 1.05x109 years. For
each amino acid the radiolysis degree and the radioracemization degree was
measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by optical rotatory
dispersion (ORD) spectroscopy. From these measurements a radiolysis rate
constant kdsc and a radioracemization rate constant krac have been determined
for each amino acid and extrapolated to a dose of 14 MGy which corresponds to
the expected total dose delivered by the natural radionuclides decay to all the
organic molecules present in comets and asteroids in 4.6x109 years, the age of
the Solar System. It is shown that all the amino acids studied can survive a
radiation dose of 14 MGy in significant quantity although part of them are lost
in radiolytic processes. Similarly, also the radioracemization process
accompanying the radiolysis does not extinguish the chirality. The knowledge of
the radiolysis and radioracemization rate constants may permit the calculation
of the original concentration of the amino acids at the times of the formation
of the Solar System starting from the concentration found today in carbonaceous
chondrites. For some amino acids the concentration in the presolar nebula could
have been up to 6 times higher than currently observed in meteorites.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, submitted to MNRA
Performance of the ALICE luminosity levelling software architecture in the Pb-Pb physics run
Luminosity leveling is performed in the ALICE experi-ment of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in order to limitthe event pile-up probability, and ensure a safe operation forthe detectors. It will be even more important during Run3 when 50 KHz Pb ion-Pb ion (Pb-Pb) collisions will bedelivered in IP2. On the ALICE side, it is handled by theALICE-LHC Interface project, which also ensures an onlinedata exchange between ALICE and the LHC. An automated luminosity leveling algorithm was developed for the proton-proton physics run, and was also deployed for the Pb-Pb run with some minor changes following experience gained. The algorithm is implemented in the SIMATIC WinCC SCADA environment, and determines the leveling step from measured beam parameters received from the LHC, and the luminosity recorded by ALICE. In this paper, the softwarearchitecture of the luminosity leveling software is presented,and the performance achieved during the Pb-Pb run and Vander Meer scans is discussed.peer-reviewe
- …